India’s Moon Mission

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🌕 ISRO’s Moon Mission (Chandrayaan Programme) – Complete Exam-Oriented Notes

(UPSC | GPSC | SSC | State Exams | Defence)


🔹 પરિચય (Introduction)

ભારતનું ચંદ્ર અન્વેષણ કાર્યક્રમ Chandrayaan Programme તરીકે ઓળખાય છે, જેનું સંચાલન Indian Space Research Organisation દ્વારા કરવામાં આવે છે. આ મિશનનો મુખ્ય હેતુ ચંદ્રના વૈજ્ઞાનિક અભ્યાસ, પાણીની હાજરી, ખનિજ સંસાધન અને ભવિષ્યના માનવ મિશન માટે આધાર તૈયાર કરવાનો છે.


1️⃣ Chandrayaan-1 (2008) – First Lunar Mission

📌 મુખ્ય માહિતી

  • Launch Date: 22 October 2008
  • Launch Vehicle: PSLV-C11
  • Mission Type: Orbiter
  • Duration: ~10 months

🎯 મુખ્ય સિદ્ધિઓ

  • ચંદ્રની સપાટી પર પાણી (H₂O) અને હાઈડ્રોક્સિલ અણુઓની શોધ
  • Moon Mineral Mapper (NASA payload)
  • ભારતને Moon exploration clubમાં સામેલ કર્યું

Exam Line:
Chandrayaan-1 confirmed the presence of water molecules on the Moon.


2️⃣ Chandrayaan-2 (2019) – Orbiter + Lander + Rover

📌 મુખ્ય માહિતી

  • Launch Date: 22 July 2019
  • Launch Vehicle: GSLV-Mk III
  • Components:
    • Orbiter – Successful
    • Lander – Vikram (Hard landing)
    • Rover – Pragyan (not deployed)

🎯 મહત્વ

  • Orbiter આજેય કાર્યરત
  • High-resolution lunar images
  • South Pole region પર વિશેષ અભ્યાસ

⚠️ Critical Point:
Lander નિષ્ફળ ગયો, પરંતુ Orbiter mission success ગણાય છે


3️⃣ Chandrayaan-3 (2023) – Historic Success 🇮🇳

📌 મુખ્ય માહિતી

  • Launch Date: 14 July 2023
  • Landing Date: 23 August 2023
  • Launch Vehicle: LVM3
  • Components:
    • Lander – Vikram
    • Rover – Pragyan

🏆 ઐતિહાસિક સિદ્ધિઓ

  • 🌍 ચંદ્રના દક્ષિણ ધ્રુવ નજીક soft landing કરનાર પ્રથમ દેશ
  • 🌕 ચંદ્ર પર soft landing કરનાર 4મો દેશ (USA, USSR, China પછી)
  • In-situ experiments:
    • Sulphur, Aluminium, Calcium detection
    • Lunar temperature profiling

Exam Line:
India became the first country to land near the Moon’s South Pole with Chandrayaan-3.


🔹 Chandrayaan Missions – Comparison Table

MissionYearTypeResult
Chandrayaan-12008Orbiter✅ Success
Chandrayaan-22019Orbiter + Lander + Rover🟡 Partial
Chandrayaan-32023Lander + Rover✅ Historic Success

🔹 વૈજ્ઞાનિક અને વ્યૂહાત્મક મહત્વ (Importance)

🌍 વૈજ્ઞાનિક

  • Water & mineral mapping
  • Lunar geology
  • Moon origin theories

🛡️ વ્યૂહાત્મક

  • Deep space capability
  • Indigenous technology
  • Foundation for future human missions

💰 આર્થિક

  • Low-cost & high-impact missions
  • Boost to private space sector

🔹 Future Roadmap

  • Chandrayaan-4 – Sample return mission (proposed)
  • Indian Space Station
  • Gaganyaan + Moon synergy

🔹 પરીક્ષા માટે One-Liners

  • Chandrayaan-1 discovered water on Moon
  • Chandrayaan-2 orbiter still operational
  • Chandrayaan-3 landed near South Pole
  • Lander name – Vikram
  • Rover name – Pragyan

🧠 UPSC / GPSC Mains – 4 Lines Answer

ISRO’s Chandrayaan programme represents India’s progressive lunar exploration efforts. Starting with Chandrayaan-1’s discovery of water on the Moon, followed by Chandrayaan-2’s advanced orbital studies, Chandrayaan-3 achieved a historic soft landing near the Moon’s south pole. These missions enhance India’s scientific knowledge, technological capability, and global standing in space exploration.


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