બજેટ – ૨૦૨૫ નિર્મલા સીતારમણ, નાણા મંત્રીશ્રીએ સતત ૮મી વખત બજેટ રજૂ કરી ઈતિહાસ રચ્યો. ( તા. ૦૧/૦૨/૨૦૨૫) બજેટ અંગેની રસપ્રદ માહીતી:- નિર્મલા સીતારમણે કહ્યું- બજેટ 5 ક્ષેત્રો પર ફોકસ કરે છે. મુખ્ય મુદ્દાઓ :-
ગુજરાત જાહેર સેવા આયોગ દ્વારા વર્ષ ૨૦૨૫નું ભરતી કેલેન્ડર જાહેર કરવામાં આવ્યું છે. જે મુજબ વર્ગ- ૧, વર્ગ- ૨ અને વર્ગ-૩ ની કુલ ૧૭૫૧ જેટલી જગ્યાઓની ભરતી કરવામાં આવશે. પહેલીવાર શિક્ષણ વિભાગની શિક્ષણ સેવા વર્ગ-૨ ની ૩૦૦ જગ્યાઓ પણ ભરવામાં આવશે. ૩૨૩જગ્યા રાજય વેરા નિરીક્ષકની ભરવામાં આવશે. આ ભરતી વર્ષ ૨૦૨૬ સુધી ચાલશે. આવી current Affairs Related માહીતી મેળવવા અવાર- નવાર અમારી વેબસાઈટની વિઝીટ કરતા રહો.
Tsunami: The Unstoppable Force of Nature A tsunami is one of the most powerful and devastating natural disasters on Earth. It is a series of ocean waves with extremely long wavelengths caused by large-scale disturbances, such as underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. The waves generated by a tsunami can travel at speeds of up to 500 miles per hour (800 kilometers per hour), crossing entire ocean basins. Causes of Tsunamis The most common cause of tsunamis is underwater seismic activity. When tectonic plates shift, they displace a large volume of water, creating waves that propagate outward in all directions. Unlike normal ocean waves, which are generated by wind, tsunami waves are generated by the displacement of water. This makes them far more powerful and destructive. Volcanic eruptions and underwater landslides can also trigger tsunamis. In rare cases, even meteorite impacts can cause tsunamis, though these are extremely rare. Impact on Coastal Regions When tsunami waves approach shallow coastal areas, their speed decreases, but their height increases dramatically. The towering waves can reach heights of over 100 feet (30 meters), crashing into the shore with unimaginable force. The impact of a tsunami on coastal regions can be catastrophic, leading to widespread destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, and long-term environmental damage. The initial wave is often followed by several more, and the effects can last for hours. The aftermath of a tsunami often leaves communities devastated, with homes, businesses, and lives shattered. Mitigation and Preparedness While tsunamis cannot be prevented, early warning systems can help reduce their impact. Coastal regions prone to tsunamis are equipped with warning systems that detect seismic activity and predict the arrival of tsunami waves. Education and preparedness are also crucial, as knowing how to respond quickly can save lives. Building resilient infrastructure and implementing strict zoning laws in vulnerable areas can help minimize damage. However, the sheer power of a tsunami often means that even the best-prepared communities can suffer significant losses. Conclusion Tsunamis are a reminder of the raw and unstoppable power of nature. While technology and preparedness can help mitigate their effects, the best defense against such disasters is respect for the natural world and understanding the risks associated with living in vulnerable areas.
The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir and along the Line of Control (LOC). The war was the result of the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC, which serves as the de facto border between the two countries in the disputed region of Kashmir. Key Events and Background: Infiltration: The conflict began with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and militants into Indian territory during the winter of 1998-1999. They occupied strategic positions in the mountainous Kargil region. Discovery: The infiltration was discovered by local shepherds in May 1999. The Indian Army then launched “Operation Vijay” to evict the infiltrators. Military Operations: The conflict involved intense fighting in harsh terrain, with both sides suffering significant casualties. The Indian Army, supported by the Indian Air Force, launched a series of attacks to reclaim the occupied positions. International Diplomacy: The conflict drew international attention, and diplomatic efforts were made to de-escalate the situation. The United States and other countries pressured Pakistan to withdraw its forces. Conclusion: By the end of July 1999, the Indian military had regained control of most of the territories occupied by the infiltrators. The conflict officially ended on July 26, 1999, which is now commemorated in India as Kargil Vijay Diwas (Kargil Victory Day). Significance: Casualties: The war resulted in significant casualties on both sides, with India reporting over 500 soldiers killed and Pakistan suffering around 700-4,000 casualties according to various estimates. Impact on India-Pakistan Relations: The war further strained relations between India and Pakistan, which have been historically tense due to the Kashmir dispute. Military and Strategic Lessons: The conflict highlighted the importance of high-altitude warfare and the need for better intelligence and surveillance capabilities. It also led to reforms in the Indian armed forces and changes in defense policies. Political Impact: The conflict had significant political ramifications in both countries, influencing domestic politics and policies related to national security. The Kargil War remains a pivotal event in the history of India-Pakistan relations and continues to be a subject of study for military strategists and historians.
The history of budgeting in India is closely tied to the country’s economic and political evolution. Here’s a detailed overview of key milestones and developments in the Indian budget history: Pre-Independence Era 1860: The first budget for India was presented by James Wilson, a Scottish economist, and politician, on February 18, 1860. This was during the British colonial period when India was governed by the British East India Company. 1919: The Government of India Act 1919 introduced the concept of a federal budget, marking a significant shift in the fiscal management of the country. It provided for the division of financial responsibilities between the central and provincial governments. Post-Independence Era 1947: After gaining independence on August 15, 1947, India presented its first independent budget on November 26, 1947. The budget was presented by the first Finance Minister of India, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty. 1950: The adoption of the Constitution of India on January 26, 1950, established the framework for the financial administration of the country. The budget began to play a crucial role in planning and economic development. Significant Developments Five-Year Plans: Initiated in 1951, the Five-Year Plans aimed at planned economic development and were closely linked with the annual budgeting process. 1969: The budget was presented separately for the first time in two parts – the Railway Budget and the General Budget. This practice continued until 2017. 1991: The budget presented by Dr. Manmohan Singh under the leadership of Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao marked the beginning of economic liberalization in India. This budget introduced significant reforms such as reducing import tariffs, deregulating markets, and opening up the economy to foreign investments. Modern Era Reforms 2000: The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act was enacted to bring in fiscal discipline, improve macroeconomic management, and reduce fiscal deficits. 2017: The Railway Budget was merged with the General Budget, and the tradition of presenting the budget on the last working day of February was shifted to February 1st. This allowed the budgetary allocations to be implemented from the beginning of the financial year starting April 1st. 2019: The interim budget of 2019 saw the introduction of the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, aimed at providing income support to farmers. Key Components of the Budget Revenue Budget: This includes the government’s revenue receipts (tax and non-tax revenues) and expenditure met from these revenues. Revenue expenditure is for the normal running of government departments and various services, interest charges on debt incurred by the government, subsidies, etc. Capital Budget: This includes capital receipts and payments. Capital receipts include loans raised by the government from the public (borrowings) and loans received from foreign governments and bodies. Capital payments include capital expenditures on the acquisition of assets like land, buildings, machinery, and equipment. Presentation Process Preparation: The budget preparation process starts in August-September when the Ministry of Finance issues guidelines to all ministries and departments to prepare their estimates for the next financial year. Scrutiny: These estimates are scrutinized and discussed by the Finance Ministry, leading to the preparation of the draft budget. Approval: The draft budget is then presented to the Cabinet for approval before being presented in the Parliament. Presentation: The Finance Minister presents the budget in the Lok Sabha. The budget speech is divided into two parts: Part A deals with the general economic survey of the country and policy measures, and Part B contains tax proposals. Discussion and Voting: The budget is discussed and voted upon in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations. Finance Bill: The Finance Bill, which contains the government’s taxation proposals, is also introduced and must be passed by both houses of Parliament. The budget is a crucial instrument for the Indian government, reflecting its economic policies and priorities. It plays a vital role in resource allocation, economic stabilization, and distribution of income.
Civil servants in India play a crucial role in the functioning of the government and the administration of the country. Here are some key roles and responsibilities of civil servants in India: Policy Implementation: Civil servants are responsible for implementing government policies and programs at various levels of administration, from central to local governments. Administration: They manage day-to-day administrative tasks such as public service delivery, infrastructure development, law enforcement, and regulatory functions. Decision Making: Civil servants provide valuable inputs and recommendations to political leaders and policymakers based on their expertise and experience. Public Service Delivery: They ensure efficient delivery of public services such as education, healthcare, sanitation, and welfare schemes to citizens. Regulation and Compliance: Civil servants enforce regulations and ensure compliance with laws, rules, and procedures to maintain order and justice. Financial Management: They play a crucial role in budgeting, financial management, and expenditure control in government departments and agencies. Representation: Civil servants often represent the government in interactions with the public, businesses, and international organizations, fostering diplomatic relations and promoting national interests. Development Initiatives: They are involved in planning and implementing developmental initiatives aimed at economic growth, social welfare, and sustainable development. Crisis Management: Civil servants are trained to handle emergencies, natural disasters, and other crises by coordinating relief efforts and providing essential services to affected populations. Accountability and Integrity: They uphold principles of transparency, accountability, and integrity in their actions and decisions, ensuring responsible governance. In essence, civil servants in India are the backbone of the administrative machinery, playing a pivotal role in translating governmental policies into actions that benefit the citizens and contribute to the overall development of the nation.
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an emerging pathogen that belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Vesiculovirus. It was first isolated in 1965 from a patient in Chandipura village in Maharashtra, India, during an outbreak of acute encephalitis characterized by fever, convulsions, and coma. Since then, several outbreaks have been reported primarily in central and southern India. History and Outbreaks: First Outbreak (1965): Chandipura virus was first identified during an outbreak in Chandipura village, Nagpur district, Maharashtra, India. The virus was isolated from the brain of an affected child who died from acute encephalitis. Subsequent Outbreaks: Over the years, sporadic outbreaks of Chandipura virus infection have been reported from various states in India, including Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. These outbreaks typically occur during the monsoon season (July-September), with children being most affected. Epidemiology: Chandipura virus is primarily transmitted through the bites of infected sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.). The disease manifests as acute encephalitis syndrome (AES), with symptoms including fever, convulsions, disorientation, and coma. Mortality rates can be high, especially among children. Research and Studies: Research on Chandipura virus has focused on understanding its epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and potential vaccine development. Experimental studies have explored the virus’s replication cycle, pathogenesis, and immune response in animal models. Public Health Measures: Control measures primarily involve vector control (e.g., insecticide spraying, use of bed nets), as there are currently no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines available for Chandipura virus infection. Surveillance systems are crucial for early detection and response to outbreaks. In summary, Chandipura virus is an important emerging pathogen in India, causing sporadic outbreaks of acute encephalitis primarily among children during the monsoon season. Ongoing research aims to deepen understanding of the virus and develop strategies for its control and prevention.
